• Physical Preparation
• Technical Preparation
• Tactical Preparation
• Psychological Preparation
• Theoretical Preparation
Physical Preparation
Training phases: Preparatory-Competitive-Transition
General physical preparation: is to improve the athlete’s working capacity regardless of the specifics of the sport.
Specific physical preparation: is to further the athlete’s physical development in regards to the physiological methodical characteristics of the sport.
Perfection of specific biomotor abilities: is to improve and perfect specific biomotor abilities and the athlete’s potential to meet the specific needs of the chosen sport.
• It may start at the end of preparatory phase
Exercise as the main means of physical preparation
a. Exercises for general physical development
Exercises performed without implements (calisthenics) or with objects other those used during competitions (benches, skipping ropes, medicine balls)
b. Exercises derived from related sport: have to be chosen in accordance with the characteristics and needs of the sport
2. Specific exercises to develop biomotor abilities:
• should be directed toward the involvement of prime movers which are muscles that act directly to bring about a desired movement.
High jumper: to develop leg power-(leg press-bounding exercises -jumping over and off benches)
3. Exercises from the selected sport:
• includes all the elements and variants of movements specific to that sport, performed at various speeds, magnitudes and loads.
TECHNICAL PREPARATION
Technique: is the specific manner of performing a physical exercise.
Good technique = High efficiency
• Technique and Style
• Individual differences
• Learning and skill formation
• Evolution:
What seems to be advanced today may be outdated tomorrow.
TACTICAL PREPARATION
• Tactic and strategy
• Based on the similarity of their tactical characteristics, sports can be classified in to five groups.
– Weightlifting, running events in track and field, boxing, basketball-decathlon.
• Strategy focuses on wide spaces, long periods of time and large movements of forces.
• Tactics refers to something on a smaller scale of space, time and force.
• Strategy refers to the general concept of organizing the play of competition of a team or an athlete.
• Tactical preparation refers to the means through which the athletes absorb methods and possible ways of preparing and organized offensive and defensive actions in order to fulfill an athletic objective.
– It may follow generally accepted theories but it is specific for each sport.
• Technique is a limiting factor for tactical maneuvers; or tactics is a function of an athlete’s technique.
-is one of the determinant factors of success in team sports, wrestling, boxing and fencing.
-but not in sports such as gymnastics, figure skating, shooting, weightlifting and ski jumping, where the athlete’s psychological profile assumes a greater importance than tactical preparation.
The tasks and specificity of tactical preparation
1. Study the general principles of the sport’s strategy
2. Study competition rules and regulations in the chosen sport/event
3. Investigate and be aware of the tactical abilities of the best athlete(s) in the chosen sport
4. Research the strategy of future opponents as well as their physical and psychological potential
5. Study the specifics of the facilities and environment of the future competition
6. Develop individual tactics for the up-coming competition, based on personnel strengths and weaknesses, in light of No.4 and 5 above
7. Analyze past performances in view of future opponents
8. Develop an individual tactical model with variations
9. Learn and repeat this model in training until it becomes a dynamic stereotype
• A strategy is designed to achieve:
1. The perfection of equal distribution of energy through steady pace.
a. Set specific training tasks leading to a uniform distribution of the athlete’s potential
b. Practice the finish or the final part of the competition
c. Prolonging the duration of performance
d. Employ several rested, sparring partners during training which would force the athlete/team to constantly perform at a high level.
2. The perfection of a variety of technical means to solve precise tactical tasks:
a. performing skills & tactical maneuvers correctly effectively under unusual circumstances.
b. organizing exhibition games/competitions with partners who follow the same tactics as the future opponents.
c. creating unique situations demanding tactical resolution for each athlete to solve independently using his training.
3. Maximization of cooperation with teammates:
a. limiting external conditions
b. performing various tactical maneuvers against conventional opponent
c. periodically involving spare players in game tactics
d. developing new tactical combinations which improve and upgrade the team’s competitive capabilities.
4. the perfection of the team’s ability to switch effectively from one system of play to another
a. substitute different tactical maneuvers at a signal made by the coach of designated player
b. substitute player who bring to the team new and unexpected game changes
c. expose the team to exhibition games against teams who use various styles of play
The Game Plan and Tactical Thinking
1. To realistically and correctly evaluate the opponent, as well as himself/herself.
2. To instantly recall tactical skills combinations to be used under specific game situations
3. To anticipate the opponent’s tactics and to counteract them
4. To disguise or conceal tactics which should prevent the opponents from sensing and counteracting the plan of attack
5. To coordinate perfectly individual actions with team tactics
Purpose of game/competition plan:
1. Inform the athlete with regard to place, and specific facilities and conditions under which the content will be organized.
2. Know and analyze future opponent(s). The analysis should consider the strong and weak points for each training factor.
3. Use the athlete’s past performance as a reference to build up confidence.
4. Utilizing all the above as a reference, set realistic objectives for the competitions.
Preliminary planning of the game plan
On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of both the opponent’s and his/her own team’s abilities, the coach should suggest the tactical plan and the appropriate tactical objectives.
However accurate the plan may be during the game, may unperceived technical and tactical occurrences may take place .
- the plan has to be flexible to allow the athletes to ac t with their abilities and imagination as the phase of the game requires.
• Two to three days prior to start of competition, details of the game plan should be reinforced. During these days, attractive training lessons should be organized.
• Hours to the start, remind athletes of just the major point of the plan, in order to reinforce previously explained and trained details of the plan.
• Too many instructions may block the athlete’s input.
• The application of the game plan and its tactical objectives in the game situation
1. comprehend the game’s concrete circumstance and
2. decide which tactical action to take in order to solve a problem.
• The comprehension of the game’s concrete, specific circumstances means that the athlete, based on his or her tactical knowledge, attempt to anticipate the opponent’s and teammate’s tactical thoughts and intentions.
• Players’ tactical thought demonstrates many mental operations such as: analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization.
• During the game tactical thoughts are manifested through quick, simple but significant gestures, or meaningful.
• The analysis of the game plan application
If the result was favorable, the discussion may be planned for the beginning of the first training lesson.
On the other hand, the analysis of an unsuccessful effort should occur 2-3 days later in order to reflect more realistically and critically upon the past performance, as well as allowing time to heal psychological wounds.
The correction of technical and tactical errors
1. The athlete may be the cause of misperforming a skill.
a. Psychological limitation
b. An insufficient physical preparation or the lack of a good correlation between the level of biomotor abilities and the skill complexity and difficulty level.
c. A misunderstanding or mispresentation of the technical pattern of a skill as well as the correlation between movement, form and muscular sensation.
d. Interference of new skill acquisition with skills already acquired
e. Fatigue
f. Incorrect handling or grasping of an implement, object or apparatus
g. Morale and mental causes such as: lack of self-confidence, desire and fear of accidents and injuries.
2. The coach’s methodological approach:
a. Using inappropriate methods of teaching
b. The lack of appropriate individualization in teaching a skill by misunderstanding an athlete’s level of biomotor abilities, individual learning capacities or applying unsuitable teaching methods.
c. Using random approach in developing a team’s strategy, or including technical elements in tactical maneuver.
d. The personality, behavior, coaching style and his/her character.
3. Organization, equipment or environmental causes
a. The use of poor quality equipment, apparatus or surface of a field/court
b. Improper training lesson organization or planning doesn’t represent an adequate learning arrangement
c. A lack of individual training lesson plans for slow learners or athletes with incorrect technical or tactical skills.
d. The adverse environment or climate may lead to impaired skill acquisition
-Methodological Recommendations
Theoretical Preparation
1. Rules and regulations governing the selected sport
2. The scientific basis for understanding and analyzing the technique of the sport involved
3. The scientific and methodological basis of the biomotor abilities development
4. The planning concept in training
5. Anatomical physiological adaptation following training
6. Causes, prevention and cure of injuries
7. Sociology of sport
8. Sport psychology
9. Nutrition and athletics
The Training Factors
• Physical Preparation
• Technical Preparation
• Tactical Preparation
• Psychological Preparation
• Theoretical Preparation
Physical Preparation
Training phases: Preparatory-Competitive-Transition
General physical preparation: is to improve the athlete’s working capacity regardless of the specifics of the sport.
Specific physical preparation: is to further the athlete’s physical development in regards to the physiological methodical characteristics of the sport.
Perfection of specific biomotor abilities: is to improve and perfect specific biomotor abilities and the athlete’s potential to meet the specific needs of the chosen sport.
• It may start at the end of preparatory phase
Exercise as the main means of physical preparation
a. Exercises for general physical development
Exercises performed without implements (calisthenics) or with objects other those used during competitions (benches, skipping ropes, medicine balls)
b. Exercises derived from related sport: have to be chosen in accordance with the characteristics and needs of the sport
2. Specific exercises to develop biomotor abilities:
• should be directed toward the involvement of prime movers which are muscles that act directly to bring about a desired movement.
High jumper: to develop leg power-(leg press-bounding exercises -jumping over and off benches)
3. Exercises from the selected sport:
• includes all the elements and variants of movements specific to that sport, performed at various speeds, magnitudes and loads.
TECHNICAL PREPARATION
Technique: is the specific manner of performing a physical exercise.
Good technique = High efficiency
• Technique and Style
• Individual differences
• Learning and skill formation
• Evolution:
What seems to be advanced today may be outdated tomorrow.
TACTICAL PREPARATION
• Tactic and strategy
• Based on the similarity of their tactical characteristics, sports can be classified in to five groups.
– Weightlifting, running events in track and field, boxing, basketball-decathlon.
• Strategy focuses on wide spaces, long periods of time and large movements of forces.
• Tactics refers to something on a smaller scale of space, time and force.
• Strategy refers to the general concept of organizing the play of competition of a team or an athlete.
• Tactical preparation refers to the means through which the athletes absorb methods and possible ways of preparing and organized offensive and defensive actions in order to fulfill an athletic objective.
– It may follow generally accepted theories but it is specific for each sport.
• Technique is a limiting factor for tactical maneuvers; or tactics is a function of an athlete’s technique.
-is one of the determinant factors of success in team sports, wrestling, boxing and fencing.
-but not in sports such as gymnastics, figure skating, shooting, weightlifting and ski jumping, where the athlete’s psychological profile assumes a greater importance than tactical preparation.
The tasks and specificity of tactical preparation
1. Study the general principles of the sport’s strategy
2. Study competition rules and regulations in the chosen sport/event
3. Investigate and be aware of the tactical abilities of the best athlete(s) in the chosen sport
4. Research the strategy of future opponents as well as their physical and psychological potential
5. Study the specifics of the facilities and environment of the future competition
6. Develop individual tactics for the up-coming competition, based on personnel strengths and weaknesses, in light of No.4 and 5 above
7. Analyze past performances in view of future opponents
8. Develop an individual tactical model with variations
9. Learn and repeat this model in training until it becomes a dynamic stereotype
• A strategy is designed to achieve:
1. The perfection of equal distribution of energy through steady pace.
a. Set specific training tasks leading to a uniform distribution of the athlete’s potential
b. Practice the finish or the final part of the competition
c. Prolonging the duration of performance
d. Employ several rested, sparring partners during training which would force the athlete/team to constantly perform at a high level.
2. The perfection of a variety of technical means to solve precise tactical tasks:
a. performing skills & tactical maneuvers correctly effectively under unusual circumstances.
b. organizing exhibition games/competitions with partners who follow the same tactics as the future opponents.
c. creating unique situations demanding tactical resolution for each athlete to solve independently using his training.
3. Maximization of cooperation with teammates:
a. limiting external conditions
b. performing various tactical maneuvers against conventional opponent
c. periodically involving spare players in game tactics
d. developing new tactical combinations which improve and upgrade the team’s competitive capabilities.
4. the perfection of the team’s ability to switch effectively from one system of play to another
a. substitute different tactical maneuvers at a signal made by the coach of designated player
b. substitute player who bring to the team new and unexpected game changes
c. expose the team to exhibition games against teams who use various styles of play
The Game Plan and Tactical Thinking
1. To realistically and correctly evaluate the opponent, as well as himself/herself.
2. To instantly recall tactical skills combinations to be used under specific game situations
3. To anticipate the opponent’s tactics and to counteract them
4. To disguise or conceal tactics which should prevent the opponents from sensing and counteracting the plan of attack
5. To coordinate perfectly individual actions with team tactics
Purpose of game/competition plan:
1. Inform the athlete with regard to place, and specific facilities and conditions under which the content will be organized.
2. Know and analyze future opponent(s). The analysis should consider the strong and weak points for each training factor.
3. Use the athlete’s past performance as a reference to build up confidence.
4. Utilizing all the above as a reference, set realistic objectives for the competitions.
Preliminary planning of the game plan
On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of both the opponent’s and his/her own team’s abilities, the coach should suggest the tactical plan and the appropriate tactical objectives.
However accurate the plan may be during the game, may unperceived technical and tactical occurrences may take place .
- the plan has to be flexible to allow the athletes to ac t with their abilities and imagination as the phase of the game requires.
• Two to three days prior to start of competition, details of the game plan should be reinforced. During these days, attractive training lessons should be organized.
• Hours to the start, remind athletes of just the major point of the plan, in order to reinforce previously explained and trained details of the plan.
• Too many instructions may block the athlete’s input.
• The application of the game plan and its tactical objectives in the game situation
1. comprehend the game’s concrete circumstance and
2. decide which tactical action to take in order to solve a problem.
• The comprehension of the game’s concrete, specific circumstances means that the athlete, based on his or her tactical knowledge, attempt to anticipate the opponent’s and teammate’s tactical thoughts and intentions.
• Players’ tactical thought demonstrates many mental operations such as: analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization.
• During the game tactical thoughts are manifested through quick, simple but significant gestures, or meaningful.
• The analysis of the game plan application
If the result was favorable, the discussion may be planned for the beginning of the first training lesson.
On the other hand, the analysis of an unsuccessful effort should occur 2-3 days later in order to reflect more realistically and critically upon the past performance, as well as allowing time to heal psychological wounds.
The correction of technical and tactical errors
1. The athlete may be the cause of misperforming a skill.
a. Psychological limitation
b. An insufficient physical preparation or the lack of a good correlation between the level of biomotor abilities and the skill complexity and difficulty level.
c. A misunderstanding or mispresentation of the technical pattern of a skill as well as the correlation between movement, form and muscular sensation.
d. Interference of new skill acquisition with skills already acquired
e. Fatigue
f. Incorrect handling or grasping of an implement, object or apparatus
g. Morale and mental causes such as: lack of self-confidence, desire and fear of accidents and injuries.
2. The coach’s methodological approach:
a. Using inappropriate methods of teaching
b. The lack of appropriate individualization in teaching a skill by misunderstanding an athlete’s level of biomotor abilities, individual learning capacities or applying unsuitable teaching methods.
c. Using random approach in developing a team’s strategy, or including technical elements in tactical maneuver.
d. The personality, behavior, coaching style and his/her character.
3. Organization, equipment or environmental causes
a. The use of poor quality equipment, apparatus or surface of a field/court
b. Improper training lesson organization or planning doesn’t represent an adequate learning arrangement
c. A lack of individual training lesson plans for slow learners or athletes with incorrect technical or tactical skills.
d. The adverse environment or climate may lead to impaired skill acquisition
-Methodological Recommendations
Theoretical Preparation
1. Rules and regulations governing the selected sport
2. The scientific basis for understanding and analyzing the technique of the sport involved
3. The scientific and methodological basis of the biomotor abilities development
4. The planning concept in training
5. Anatomical physiological adaptation following training
6. Causes, prevention and cure of injuries
7. Sociology of sport
8. Sport psychology
9. Nutrition and athletics
The Training Factors
• Physical Preparation
• Technical Preparation
• Tactical Preparation
• Psychological Preparation
• Theoretical Preparation
Physical Preparation
Training phases: Preparatory-Competitive-Transition
General physical preparation: is to improve the athlete’s working capacity regardless of the specifics of the sport.
Specific physical preparation: is to further the athlete’s physical development in regards to the physiological methodical characteristics of the sport.
Perfection of specific biomotor abilities: is to improve and perfect specific biomotor abilities and the athlete’s potential to meet the specific needs of the chosen sport.
• It may start at the end of preparatory phase
Exercise as the main means of physical preparation
a. Exercises for general physical development
Exercises performed without implements (calisthenics) or with objects other those used during competitions (benches, skipping ropes, medicine balls)
b. Exercises derived from related sport: have to be chosen in accordance with the characteristics and needs of the sport
2. Specific exercises to develop biomotor abilities:
• should be directed toward the involvement of prime movers which are muscles that act directly to bring about a desired movement.
High jumper: to develop leg power-(leg press-bounding exercises -jumping over and off benches)
3. Exercises from the selected sport:
• includes all the elements and variants of movements specific to that sport, performed at various speeds, magnitudes and loads.
TECHNICAL PREPARATION
Technique: is the specific manner of performing a physical exercise.
Good technique = High efficiency
• Technique and Style
• Individual differences
• Learning and skill formation
• Evolution:
What seems to be advanced today may be outdated tomorrow.
TACTICAL PREPARATION
• Tactic and strategy
• Based on the similarity of their tactical characteristics, sports can be classified in to five groups.
– Weightlifting, running events in track and field, boxing, basketball-decathlon.
• Strategy focuses on wide spaces, long periods of time and large movements of forces.
• Tactics refers to something on a smaller scale of space, time and force.
• Strategy refers to the general concept of organizing the play of competition of a team or an athlete.
• Tactical preparation refers to the means through which the athletes absorb methods and possible ways of preparing and organized offensive and defensive actions in order to fulfill an athletic objective.
– It may follow generally accepted theories but it is specific for each sport.
• Technique is a limiting factor for tactical maneuvers; or tactics is a function of an athlete’s technique.
-is one of the determinant factors of success in team sports, wrestling, boxing and fencing.
-but not in sports such as gymnastics, figure skating, shooting, weightlifting and ski jumping, where the athlete’s psychological profile assumes a greater importance than tactical preparation.
The tasks and specificity of tactical preparation
1. Study the general principles of the sport’s strategy
2. Study competition rules and regulations in the chosen sport/event
3. Investigate and be aware of the tactical abilities of the best athlete(s) in the chosen sport
4. Research the strategy of future opponents as well as their physical and psychological potential
5. Study the specifics of the facilities and environment of the future competition
6. Develop individual tactics for the up-coming competition, based on personnel strengths and weaknesses, in light of No.4 and 5 above
7. Analyze past performances in view of future opponents
8. Develop an individual tactical model with variations
9. Learn and repeat this model in training until it becomes a dynamic stereotype
• A strategy is designed to achieve:
1. The perfection of equal distribution of energy through steady pace.
a. Set specific training tasks leading to a uniform distribution of the athlete’s potential
b. Practice the finish or the final part of the competition
c. Prolonging the duration of performance
d. Employ several rested, sparring partners during training which would force the athlete/team to constantly perform at a high level.
2. The perfection of a variety of technical means to solve precise tactical tasks:
a. performing skills & tactical maneuvers correctly effectively under unusual circumstances.
b. organizing exhibition games/competitions with partners who follow the same tactics as the future opponents.
c. creating unique situations demanding tactical resolution for each athlete to solve independently using his training.
3. Maximization of cooperation with teammates:
a. limiting external conditions
b. performing various tactical maneuvers against conventional opponent
c. periodically involving spare players in game tactics
d. developing new tactical combinations which improve and upgrade the team’s competitive capabilities.
4. the perfection of the team’s ability to switch effectively from one system of play to another
a. substitute different tactical maneuvers at a signal made by the coach of designated player
b. substitute player who bring to the team new and unexpected game changes
c. expose the team to exhibition games against teams who use various styles of play
The Game Plan and Tactical Thinking
1. To realistically and correctly evaluate the opponent, as well as himself/herself.
2. To instantly recall tactical skills combinations to be used under specific game situations
3. To anticipate the opponent’s tactics and to counteract them
4. To disguise or conceal tactics which should prevent the opponents from sensing and counteracting the plan of attack
5. To coordinate perfectly individual actions with team tactics
Purpose of game/competition plan:
1. Inform the athlete with regard to place, and specific facilities and conditions under which the content will be organized.
2. Know and analyze future opponent(s). The analysis should consider the strong and weak points for each training factor.
3. Use the athlete’s past performance as a reference to build up confidence.
4. Utilizing all the above as a reference, set realistic objectives for the competitions.
Preliminary planning of the game plan
On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of both the opponent’s and his/her own team’s abilities, the coach should suggest the tactical plan and the appropriate tactical objectives.
However accurate the plan may be during the game, may unperceived technical and tactical occurrences may take place .
- the plan has to be flexible to allow the athletes to ac t with their abilities and imagination as the phase of the game requires.
• Two to three days prior to start of competition, details of the game plan should be reinforced. During these days, attractive training lessons should be organized.
• Hours to the start, remind athletes of just the major point of the plan, in order to reinforce previously explained and trained details of the plan.
• Too many instructions may block the athlete’s input.
• The application of the game plan and its tactical objectives in the game situation
1. comprehend the game’s concrete circumstance and
2. decide which tactical action to take in order to solve a problem.
• The comprehension of the game’s concrete, specific circumstances means that the athlete, based on his or her tactical knowledge, attempt to anticipate the opponent’s and teammate’s tactical thoughts and intentions.
• Players’ tactical thought demonstrates many mental operations such as: analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization.
• During the game tactical thoughts are manifested through quick, simple but significant gestures, or meaningful.
• The analysis of the game plan application
If the result was favorable, the discussion may be planned for the beginning of the first training lesson.
On the other hand, the analysis of an unsuccessful effort should occur 2-3 days later in order to reflect more realistically and critically upon the past performance, as well as allowing time to heal psychological wounds.
The correction of technical and tactical errors
1. The athlete may be the cause of misperforming a skill.
a. Psychological limitation
b. An insufficient physical preparation or the lack of a good correlation between the level of biomotor abilities and the skill complexity and difficulty level.
c. A misunderstanding or mispresentation of the technical pattern of a skill as well as the correlation between movement, form and muscular sensation.
d. Interference of new skill acquisition with skills already acquired
e. Fatigue
f. Incorrect handling or grasping of an implement, object or apparatus
g. Morale and mental causes such as: lack of self-confidence, desire and fear of accidents and injuries.
2. The coach’s methodological approach:
a. Using inappropriate methods of teaching
b. The lack of appropriate individualization in teaching a skill by misunderstanding an athlete’s level of biomotor abilities, individual learning capacities or applying unsuitable teaching methods.
c. Using random approach in developing a team’s strategy, or including technical elements in tactical maneuver.
d. The personality, behavior, coaching style and his/her character.
3. Organization, equipment or environmental causes
a. The use of poor quality equipment, apparatus or surface of a field/court
b. Improper training lesson organization or planning doesn’t represent an adequate learning arrangement
c. A lack of individual training lesson plans for slow learners or athletes with incorrect technical or tactical skills.
d. The adverse environment or climate may lead to impaired skill acquisition
-Methodological Recommendations
Theoretical Preparation
1. Rules and regulations governing the selected sport
2. The scientific basis for understanding and analyzing the technique of the sport involved
3. The scientific and methodological basis of the biomotor abilities development
4. The planning concept in training
5. Anatomical physiological adaptation following training
6. Causes, prevention and cure of injuries
7. Sociology of sport
8. Sport psychology
9. Nutrition and athletics