European Influences:

British
German
Swedish

The Battle of the Systems
Early Twentieth Century
Warmtime influences
Playgrounds
Leisure Education
Professional certification

Current Trends

Decline in scholl enrollment
Coaching credential
Equality for women
Growth of competitive sports
Extramural sport for children
Increased emphasis on research

BRITISH INFLUENCE

Sports and games were forbidden to the students in certain institutions of higher education in early America.
The strong heritage of British sports prevailed over the obstacles in higher education in the US.

GERMAN INFLUENCE

In 1774, Johann Bernhard established the first physical training program on daily basis in Germany.
Johann Guts Muth one of the most important pioneers of modern PE in Europe.

Many of his ideas were brought by German immigarnts to America and were established in early American Schools.

SWIDISH INFLUENCE

Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics was established in Stockholm in 1814 to train PE teachers.

Concepts of PE in Swede at the time of the discovery of America had a scientific basis in the study of human anatomy.

American schools took major features of Swedish system.

THE BATTLE OF THE SYSTEMS
The conflict between physical education learders on:

Establishing a natioanally oriented system
Surviving adopted systems( especially Geramn and Swedish)

EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

Warmtime influences: American involvement in wars always provokes interest and attention to physical education, physical training and physical fitness.

Playgrouns: following World War I playground movement expanded rapidly.
During 1930’ s federal Government constructed many facilities.
Scholl districts contracted with communities to utilize facilities.

Leisure education: in 1918 Seven Cardinal Principles of Education were published.
One of the seven cardinals was “ the wothy use of leisure”.
Many private, semi private and public agencies have providide significant progarms for leisure.

Professional Certification: Since World war I 50 states institiuted requirements for the certification of teacher of phsyical education.

CURRENT TRENDS

Decline in School Enrollment:
Attendant closing of schools
Decreased employement opportunities for new teachers,
Lack of new blood,
One positive effect is that there is no longer the necessity to employ less than qualified emergency credentialed teachers.

Caoching Credential
Coaches in public schools must attain the special coaching credential before the school assign them.

Eqaulity for women: Title IX

Grwoth in Competitive Sports : facilites are used for class instruction, intramural participation, interscholastic competitio, and for community recreation.

Extramural Sport for children: programs under non-school auspices.

Increased Emphasis on Research:
More people are being trained in research concepts,
Universities and colleges are providing larger reserach facilities,
More specialized journals are becoming available.